Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech Indirect speech
Simple present simple past
Present continuous past continuous
Present perfect past perfect
Present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
Simple past past perfect
Past continuous past perfect continuous
Future past future
Present past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
this = ini that = itu
these = ini those = itu
come = datang go = pergi
here = di sini, ke sini there = di sana, ke sana
hence = dari sini thence = dari sana
hither = ke tempat ini thither = ke tempat itu
ago = yang lalu before = lebih dahulu
now = sekarang then = pada waktu itu
today = hari ini that day = hari itu
tomorrow = besok next day = hari berikutnya
yesterday = kemarin the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
last night = tadi malam the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
next week = minggu depan the following week = minggu berikutnya
thus = begini so = begitu
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”. He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Reported Speech - Presentation Transcript
1. REPORTED SPEECH Melaporkan / menceritakan kembali ucapan yang pernah dilakukan oleh orang lain. Type Direct Speech Indirect Speech Remark S+P+O S + Reporting Verb + That + S Present verb1 → Past verb2 Statement Past verb 2 → Past perfect verb3 Julia said, “I need the money for the book” Julia said that she needed the money for the book Past verb 2 → bisa juga tetap Boleh tidak berubah bila kita melaporkan sesuatu yang dirasa masih QW + S + P + O ? S + Reporting Verb + QW + S + To Be Question betul hingga kini atau tidak berubah word esensinya Sheila asked, “Why don’t you come to the party” Sheila asked me why I didn’t come to the party ( To be – not ) P + complement S + Reporting Verb + Not To + Complement Prohibition / Rani told me, “Don’t be late, or you’ll die” Rani told me not to be late, or I’ll die Perubahan kata kerja tidak terjadi Command Andri told Yeyen, “Bring your camera, please!” Andri told Yeyen to bring her camera … Modal Aux + to be … S + Reporting Verb + Whether/If + S + … Request Andi asked me, “Would you like to come” Andi asked me whether/if I would like to come Present verb1 → Past verb2 Past verb 2 → Past perfect verb3 Past verb 2 → bisa juga tetap To be + S + P + O ? S + Reporting Verb + Whether/If + S + … Yes/no Rani asked me, “Do you understand the lesson?” Rani asked me whether/if understood the lesson © Aidia Propitious 1
2. TASK 8. I asked to Andi, “When will you get back from the trip?” 1. The boy said, “I’m only eight years old” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. Brooke asked me, “Why I came late” 2. “I can meet them later”, Henry said ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. The doctor said, “Come back again tomorrow” 3. Richard said, “I saw that movie last week” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. She said to me, “Don’t wait for me” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. I asked me, “How are you today?” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. I said to him, “Don’t call me anymore” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Then he asked, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?” 13. I said to the boy, “Put the package inside the door” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. He asked me, “How long have you studied English?” 14. I said to her, “Don’t ever try that medicine” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. Mr. Carter asked me, “Where are you going?” 15. Father asked me,”How do you speak English well?”
